Federal independent dispute resolution
Eligible No Surprises Act payment disputes nationwide.
Explore Federal supportCMS federal IDR guidanceFederal and state IDR coverage
Routing reference for 50 states, D.C. and five inhabited U.S. territories. The table describes public payment pathways.
PRP services: federal IDR nationwide, plus state processes in New York, New Jersey, Florida and Texas.
Choosing an IDR partner
PRP works directly with your existing biller, gives your practice an assigned contact and explains claim decisions. You have someone to discuss the details with.
Your contact learns your workflow, answers case questions and coordinates next actions.
We work through the first claims with your biller and agree responsibilities for records, approvals and follow-up.
We explain the payment route, eligibility, missing documents and the basis for pursuing or declining a claim.
We agree a review schedule during onboarding, then discuss unresolved claims, next actions and who owns them.
50 states, D.C. and U.S. territories
Your plan, service and claim dates determine which route applies.
PRP supports provider-side IDR operations and is not a certified IDR entity.
✓ Route identified in cited sources× Specified rule or opt-in not identified in the cited sources* Conditions apply; see details×* Former rule repealed; check service dates
NSA-covered services only. State payment rules may set a rate without arbitration. “Opt-in” refers to private self-funded plans.
Sources checked October 12, 2026. Many CMS letters date from 2021–2022; check source dates and current state rules.
For qualifying NSA claims, private self-funded plans generally use federal IDR unless an applicable state opt-in applies. Insured plans follow applicable state payment rules; otherwise, the federal route applies. Confirm funding and any plan election. Maryland hospital rate setting requires separate review.
The cited CMS letters identify federal IDR for qualifying out-of-network services where no applicable specified state payment rule or All-Payer Model determines the rate. An underpayment alone does not establish eligibility; confirm the plan, service, notices and deadlines.
| State / territory | Federal IDR | State payment rules | Self-funded opt-in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-08 | |||
| AlaskaState rate repealed Jan. 2024 | ✓* | ×* | × |
DetailsAlaska repealed its 80th-percentile payment rule effective January 1, 2024. That rule no longer supplies the state payment amount for later services. The state's May 2024 guide directs self-funded claims and claims outside applicable state law to federal IDR. Review earlier service dates separately. Insured-plan provider complaints remain available through the Division of Insurance; that complaint channel is not a separate state IDR arbitration program. | |||
| American Samoa | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS identifies federal IDR for qualifying insured claims in American Samoa, including covered emergency, facility-based nonemergency and air-ambulance services. Its letter identifies no applicable local payment law or All-Payer Model Agreement. Confirm the plan, covered service and filing deadlines. CMS letter2021-12-08 | |||
| Arizona | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2022-02-23 | |||
| Arkansas | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-21 | |||
| California | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsCMS identifies state payment rules for defined nonemergency professional services at contracting facilities. Federal IDR applies outside that scope; emergency and air-ambulance services need separate review. CMS letter2021-12-22 California AB 72 IDRPDate not stated | |||
| Colorado | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsThe cited CMS letter identifies state payment rules for insured provider and emergency-facility services, with federal IDR for air ambulance. Check the service and plan against current state requirements. CMS letter2022-01-18 State authority2022-03-14 | |||
| Connecticut | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsCMS identifies emergency and certain in-network-facility or referred laboratory services under state law. Other qualifying services, including air ambulance, need federal-route review. CMS letter2021-12-08 | |||
| Delaware | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsThe cited CMS letter identifies state payment law for covered emergency services under defined insured coverage. Federal IDR may govern qualifying services outside that scope and air ambulance. CMS letter2022-01-31 | |||
| District of Columbia | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-08 | |||
| Florida | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsState reimbursement rules and the claim-dispute program have plan, service, and claim-value conditions. Check HMO thresholds and whether state law determines the rate before selecting federal IDR. CMS letter2022-01-28 State authority2025 | |||
| Georgia | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsGeorgia rules cover qualifying emergency and inadvertent nonemergency provider/facility claims. Later CMS guidance treats air ambulance as a federal route; do not apply the older letter's blanket state-air-ambulance statement. Private self-funded plans: verify Georgia election; federal route for qualifying claims when not opted in. CMS letter2021-12-13 State authority2022-07-01 State payment rulesDate not stated Later CMS chart2023-01-13 | |||
| Guam | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS identifies federal IDR for qualifying insured claims in Guam, including covered emergency, facility-based nonemergency and air-ambulance services. Its letter identifies no applicable local payment law or All-Payer Model Agreement. Confirm the plan, covered service and filing deadlines. CMS letter2021-12-23 | |||
| Hawaii | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2022-05-20 | |||
| Idaho | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-09 | |||
| Illinois | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsCMS identifies defined pathology, anesthesia, neonatology, radiology, and emergency-department services under PPO coverage at participating facilities. Other qualifying plan/service combinations require federal review. CMS letter2022-04-27 State authorityDate not stated | |||
| Indiana | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-15 | |||
| Iowa | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-09 | |||
| Kansas | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-13 | |||
| Kentucky | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-21 | |||
| Louisiana | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsFederal IDR is the CMS route for NSA-qualified services. Later Louisiana law adds distinct ground-ambulance payment protections; ground ambulance is outside federal NSA IDR. CMS letter2021-12-20 State authority2023 | |||
| Maine | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsDistinguish state payment rules for qualifying surprise and emergency claims from the narrower state emergency-IDR process. Current law excludes air ambulance except a narrow prior-authorization provision; check that exception before federal routing. Private self-funded plans: verify Maine opt-in for the service date and covered scope. CMS letter2021-12-22 State authority2026 State payment rulesDate not stated Later CMS chart2023-01-13 State IDR scopeDate not stated Air-ambulance exceptionDate not stated | |||
| Maryland | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsSeparate hospital rate setting under the All-Payer Model from professional services. CMS also identifies defined HMO and EPO/PPO payment rules; federal IDR applies where those rules do not determine the rate. Private self-funded plans: federal route for qualifying claims, with a separate check for applicable hospital rate setting. CMS letter2022-05-18 | |||
| Massachusetts | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-22 | |||
| Michigan | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsThe revised 2023 letter identifies defined emergency and facility-based professional services, including certain state/local governmental plans. Provider type, disclosure, patient choice, and service scope matter; air ambulance routes federally. Private self-funded plans: federal route for qualifying claims. Michigan/state-local governmental plans need separate review. CMS letter2023-07-20 | |||
| Minnesota | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-23 | |||
| Mississippi | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-27 | |||
| Missouri | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsCMS identifies state law for unanticipated out-of-network professional care at an in-network facility. Qualifying services outside that scope and air ambulance require federal review. CMS letter2021-12-23 | |||
| Montana | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-27 | |||
| Nebraska | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsThe cited CMS letter identifies state law for defined emergency services under health benefit plans. Other qualifying services and air ambulance require federal review. CMS letter2021-12-27 | |||
| Nevada | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsState emergency-payment provisions depend on the plan, provider, and prior network relationship. Nevada guidance distinguishes applicable state rate rules from federal IDR; verify the relevant statutory provision. Private self-funded plans: verify Nevada election and whether the rate provision applies. CMS letter2022-02-24 State authorityDate not stated | |||
| New Hampshire | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsNewer state IDR law and 2026 rules provide a case-by-case state/federal choice for covered disputes. Confirm scope, plan participation, and initiation timing; do not pursue both processes for the same dispute. Check state opt-in/participation and the state-versus-federal election for this dispute. CMS letter2021-12-22 State authority2026-04-22 | |||
| New Jersey | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsCheck inadvertent, emergency, or urgent service scope and the plan. New Jersey publishes self-funded plan opt-in/opt-out information; air ambulance and other qualifying exceptions require federal review. Private self-funded plans: check the published plan list and service-date opt-in/opt-out status. CMS letter2022-02-04 State authority2026-01-31 | |||
| New Mexico | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsCMS identifies state rules for emergency and defined nonemergency services at participating facilities. Coverage type, consent, and provider availability affect scope; other qualifying services need federal review. CMS letter2021-12-22 | |||
| New York | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsThe 2024 CMS letter distinguishes emergency services and statutory surprise bills from other qualified services, including certain advance coverage determinations. Air ambulance uses federal IDR; confirm the plan and statutory definition. CMS letter2024-08-30 | |||
| North Carolina | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-27 | |||
| North Dakota | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-15 | |||
| Northern Mariana Islands | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS identifies federal IDR for qualifying insured claims in Northern Mariana Islands, including covered emergency, facility-based nonemergency and air-ambulance services. Its letter identifies no applicable local payment law or All-Payer Model Agreement. Confirm the plan, covered service and filing deadlines. CMS letter2021-12-28 | |||
| Ohio | ✓* | ✓* | × |
DetailsCMS identifies state payment law for emergency and defined nonemergency services at in-network facilities. The cited letter assigns air-ambulance services to federal IDR. CMS letter2022-02-17 | |||
| Oklahoma | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-09 | |||
| Oregon | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-21 | |||
| Pennsylvania | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2022-02-07 | |||
| Puerto Rico | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS identifies federal IDR for qualifying insured claims in Puerto Rico, including covered emergency, facility-based nonemergency and air-ambulance services. Its letter identifies no applicable local payment law or All-Payer Model Agreement. Confirm the plan, covered service and filing deadlines. CMS letter2021-12-08 | |||
| Rhode Island | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-22 | |||
| South Carolina | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-28 | |||
| South Dakota | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-15 | |||
| Tennessee | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2024-01-26 | |||
| Texas | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsTDI distinguishes facility mediation from provider arbitration for covered services. Its current guidance includes ERISA plans that opt in. Federal rules apply to other qualifying plans and air ambulance; check newer plan categories. Private self-funded plans: verify Texas opt-in; other specified state/governmental plan categories also need review. CMS letter2022-01-25 State authority2026-08-06 | |||
| U.S. Virgin Islands | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS identifies federal IDR for qualifying insured claims in U.S. Virgin Islands, including covered emergency, facility-based nonemergency and air-ambulance services. Its letter identifies no applicable local payment law or All-Payer Model Agreement. Confirm the plan, covered service and filing deadlines. CMS letter2021-12-09 | |||
| Utah | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-20 | |||
| Vermont | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-22 | |||
| Virginia | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsCheck state scope for emergency and defined surgical/ancillary services at in-network facilities. Verify any self-funded plan election for the relevant plan year; qualifying exceptions and air ambulance require federal review. Private self-funded plans: confirm the state list and plan-year effective dates. CMS letter2021-12-21 State authorityDate not stated | |||
| Washington | ✓* | ✓* | ✓* |
DetailsCheck emergency and defined facility-based services under state law, plus any self-funded plan election. Added ground-ambulance protection has separate scope and opt-in details; it is outside federal NSA IDR. Private self-funded plans: confirm election and scope, including any separate ground-ambulance attestation. CMS letter2021-12-21 State authority2024 | |||
| West Virginia | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-13 | |||
| Wisconsin | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-10 | |||
| Wyoming | ✓ | × | × |
DetailsCMS letter2021-12-09 | |||
Confirm plan funding, service setting, prior notices and deadlines. Governmental and FEHB plans need separate review. A consultation does not extend a filing window.
Federal NSA IDR does not cover Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, TRICARE or ground-ambulance disputes. Routine out-of-network office care is not automatically eligible.
Sources checked October 12, 2026. Many CMS letters are older; newer state material qualifies the table where available. Alaska repealed its 80th-percentile rate effective January 1, 2024, Maryland has hospital rate-setting rules, and New Hampshire offers a state/federal choice. Read the linked source dates before routing a claim.
The chart includes American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Each has a separate CMS letter identifying federal IDR for qualifying claims.
The nine U.S. Minor Outlying Islands are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island. CMS does not classify them separately in its applicability chart; a claim involving one requires individual review.
This chart describes payment routes. PRP's supported services are listed below.
PRP operating scope
Service scope and claim eligibility are confirmed before work begins.
Eligible No Surprises Act payment disputes nationwide.
Explore Federal supportCMS federal IDR guidanceQualifying emergency and surprise-bill disputes.
Explore New York supportNew York DFS guidanceQualifying state out-of-network payment disputes.
Explore New Jersey supportNew Jersey DOBI bulletinEligible matters under Florida's claim-dispute program.
Explore Florida supportFlorida Statutes § 408.7057Provider arbitration and facility mediation for qualifying disputes.
Explore Texas supportTexas Department of InsuranceStart with claim context
Bring high-level plan, state, service, and volume information without patient identifiers.
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